【英文标准名称】:Specificationforprinciplesgoverningthepositioningofcontrolkeysonkeyboardsofofficemachinesanddataprocessingequipment
【原文标准名称】:有键盘的办公机器和数据处理设备上控制键定位的调整原则规范
【标准号】:BS5231-1975
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:英国
【发布日期】:1975-09-30
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:英国标准学会(BSI)
【起草单位】:
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:键(键盘);办公室设备;键盘;布置;数据处理设备;办公机器;控制装置
【英文主题词】:officeequipment;dataprocessingequipment;officemachines;keyboards;keys(keyboards);layout;controldevices
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:Y54;L63
【国际标准分类号】:
【页数】:12P;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforDosimetryinanElectronBeamFacilityforRadiationProcessingatEnergiesBetween300keVand25MeV
【原文标准名称】:在300KeV和25MeV能量之间进行辐射加工用电子束设备中剂量测定的标准实施规程
【标准号】:ASTMISO/ASTM51649-2005
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2005
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E10.01
【标准类型】:(ISO/ASTM)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:absorbeddose;dosemapping;dosimeter;dosimetrysystem;electronbeam;ionizingradiation;irradiation;irradiatorcharacterization;radiation;radiationprocessing;ICS
【摘要】:4.1Variousproductsandmaterialsareroutinelyirradiatedatpre-determineddosesatelectronbeamfacilitiestopreserveormodifytheircharacteristics.Dosimetryrequirementsmayvarydependingontheradiationprocessandenduseoftheproduct.Forexample,apartiallistofprocesseswheredosimetrymaybeusedisgivenbelow.4.1.1Polymerizationofmonomersandgraftingofmonomersontopolymers,4.1.2Cross-linkingordegradationofpolymers,4.1.3Curingofcompositematerials,4.1.4Sterilizationofmedicaldevices,4.1.5Disinfectionofconsumerproducts,4.1.6Foodirradiation(parasiteandpathogencontrol,insectdisinfestation,andshelf-lifeextension),4.1.7Controlofpathogensandtoxinsindrinkingwater,4.1.8Controlofpathogensandtoxinsinliquidorsolidwaste4.1.9Modificationofcharacteristicsofsemiconductordevices,4.1.10Colorenhancementofgemstonesandothermaterials,4.1.11Researchonradiationeffectsonmaterials.NOTE2-Dosimetryisrequiredforregulatedradiationprocessessuchassterilizationofmedicaldevices(seeISO11137andRefs(1-4)5andpreservationoffood(seeISO/ASTM51431andRef(5).Itmaybelessimportantforotherprocesses,suchaspolymermodification,whichmaybeevaluatedbychangesinthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesoftheirradiatedmaterials.Nevertheless,routinedosimetrymaybeusedtomonitorthereproducibilityofthetreatmentprocess.4.2Dosimetersareusedasameansofmonitoringtheradiationprocess.NOTE3-Measureddoseisoftencharacterizedasabsorbeddoseinwatertohaveatraceablestandardreference.Moreover,materialscommonlyfoundindisposablemedicaldevicesandfoodareapproximatelyequivalenttowaterintheabsorptionofionizingradiation.AbsorbeddoseinmaterialsotherthanwatermaybedeterminedbyapplyingconversionfactorsinaccordancewithISO/ASTMGuide51261.4.3Abeneficialirradiationprocessisusuallyspecifiedbyaminimumabsorbeddosetoachievethedesiredeffectandamaximumdoselimitthattheproductcantolerateandstillbefunctional.Dosimetryisessential,sinceitisusedtodeterminetheselimits,anddosimetryisessentialintheevaluationandmonitoringoftheradiationprocess.4.4Thedosedistributionwithintheproductdependsonprocessloadcharacteristics,irradiationconditions,andoperatingparameters.Theoperatingparametersconsistofbeamcharacteristics(suchaselectronenergyandbeamcurrent),beamdispersionparameters,andproductmaterialhandling.Thesecriticalparametersmustbecontrolledtoobtainreproducibleresults.4.5Beforearadiationfacilityisused,itmustbequalifiedtodemonstrateitsabilitytodeliverspecified,controllabledosesinareproduciblemanner.Thisinvolvestestingtheprocessequipment,calibratingtheequipmentanddosimetrysystem,andcharacterizingthemagnitude,distributionandreproducibilityofthedoseabsorbedbyareferencematerial.4.6Toensurethatproductsareirradiatedwithreproducibledoses,routineprocesscontrolrequiresdocumentedproducthandlingproceduresbefore,duringandaftertheirradiation,consistentorientationoftheproductsduringirradiation,monitoringofcriticalprocessparameters,routineproductdosimetryanddocumentationoftherequiredactivitiesandfunctions.1.1ThispracticecoversdosimetricprocedurestobefollowedinInstallationQualification,OperationalQualificationandPerformanceQualifications(IQ,OQ,PQ),androutineprocessingatelectronbeamfacilitiestoensurethattheproducthasbeentreatedwithanacceptablerangeofabsorbeddoses.OtherproceduresrelatedtoIQ,OQ,PQ,androutineproductprocessingthatmayinfluenceabsorbeddoseintheproductarealsodiscussed.Note1Forguidanceintheselect......
【中国标准分类号】:
【国际标准分类号】:
【页数】:30P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语